In the 3rd month of the 17th year (AD ]644) of the
    Chongzhen period (AD ]628-AD ]644), the peasant army
    under Li Zicheng captured Beijing and overthrew the Ming
    dynasty.
   Section 1  Rule of the Ming Period
         Establishment of the Ming dynasty. In 1368 Zhu
    Yuanzhang, a former Buddhist monk, overthrew the
    Mongol Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty. The
~i~ Ming ruled China until 1644, when the Qing dynasty took
    the place of it.
     Zhu Yuanzhang was known as Emperor Taizu. After
his death, his eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen inherited the
throne.  The new emperor ordered the reduction of
 mitary strength of all the feudal princes. This policy was
     gly opposed by the royal .,memmbers. Later Zhu Di,
Prince Yan, rebelled, waged the  Jingnan Campaign",
  and  captured Nanjing. He took over the kingship and
    ed the imperial capital from Nanjing to Beijing
   in 1421.
      Selection of officials by the eight-part essay.
       former regimes, the Ming dynasty took active
  measures to strengthen the centralism. The Ming dynasty
 continued to use the imperial civil examination system to
        officials.  The system of selecting officials by
   nations further improved during this period.  In
   addtion to the Five Classics, the Four Books, including
     Great Learning,  The Doctrine of the Mean,  The
    ects of Confucius, and Mencius, were also included
   ithe irnperial civil service examinations.  A literary
composition prescribed for the examinations was known
for never changing its form and lack of ideas and consisted
   eight fixed parts. So it was called the "eight-part
dssay.” Many examinees became really pedantic and
       nothing about the outside world.
    There were official examinations at three levels: the
    provincia examination, the capital examination, and the
  palace examination. Each county had its own school. A
graduate would receive a degree of Xiu Cai if he passed
     required local examinations. A Xiu Cai could take the
   provncial examitation held at the provincial capita]. The
      r would be granted the title of Ju Ren. A Ju Ren had
     right to take the metropolitan examination at the
   ' 's capital. If he passed it, he could go on to take
     palace examination presided over in person by the
   peror. If he did well, he would receive the Jin Shi
  gree. Only then, would he be given an official post in
     central or local goverrrnent. Throughout the Ming
  dynasty, this was the main way to an official post.
      Defense of the frontier. To ensure its control over
     country, the Ming dynasty built a huge army. Soldiers
   re stationed in the various military forts. Respective
mlitary officers were assigned to take charge of military
量，这一措施招致皇室成员的极
力反对。后来，燕王朱棣(1360-
1424年)谋反，发动“靖难之
役”，攻占南京，夺取王位，并
于1421年将都城由南京迁至
北京。
    八股取士和以前的政权一
样，明朝积极采取措施加强中央
集权制。明朝继续沿用科举制度
选拔官吏，通过考试选拔官员的
制度进一步完善。除《五经》
外，考试内容还包括《四书》。
《四书》指《大学》《中庸》《论
语》和《孟子》。规定的应试作
文文体死板，个人见解贫乏，由
八个固定的部分组成，因而被称
为“八股文”。很多应试者书呆
子气十足，对身外的世界一无
所知。
    官方考试分为三个级别：乡
试、会试和殿试。每个县都设有
自己的学校，通过当地规定考试
的毕业生获得秀才称号。秀才可
以参加在省城举行的乡试，中试
者为举人。举人有权参加在京城
举行的会试，如果通过会试，他
可以参加由皇帝亲自主持的殿
试。在殿试中取得佳绩者，将被
封为进士。只有这时，他才能在
中央或地方政府中任职。在整个
明朝时期，这是读书人获取一官
半职的主要途径。
    戍边  为确保对国家的控
制，明朝建立了庞大的军队。士
兵在各军事要塞驻防，相关的武

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