6.2 Historical Timeline of Semiconductors 89

6.3 Future Trends 90

6.4 Scientific Principles 91

6.4.1 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 91

6.4.2 Research and Application 95

6.4.3 Properties and Processing of Electronic Materials 96

6.4.4 Summary 99

Review Questions 100

Answers to Review Questions 101

References 102

Glossary 103

Chapter 7 Energy 106

7.1 What is Energy? 107

7.2 Historical Timeline of Energy 107

7.3 Future Trends 108

7.4 Scientific Principles 109

7.4.1 Basic Energy Principles 109

7.4.2 Fossil Fuels 113

7.4.3 Renewable Energy Sources 120

7.4.4 Nuclear Energy 125

7.4.5 Summary 133

Review Questions 133

Answers to Review Questions 135

References 135

Glossary 136

Part 2 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations

Chapter 8 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Metals 142

8.1 Laboratory Activities 142

Experiment 1 Crystal Packing 142

Experiment 2 A Particle Model of Metals: Atomic Bb’s 143

Experiment 3 Processing Metals: Making Metals Strong 145

Experiment 4 Tensile Strength Test: Stretching Wires 147

Experiment 5 Forming Brass from Zinc and Copper: “Gold” Penny Lab 149

Experiment 6 Activity Series: Which one Reacts? 151

Experiment 7 Corrosion of Iron: Rust! 153

Experiment 8 Oxidation of a Metal: Chemical Hand Warmer 156

8.2 Demonstrations 157

Demonstration 1 Phase Transition of High Carbon Steel 157

Demonstration 2 Removal of Zinc from Pennies: Floating Pennies 159

Demonstration 3 Corrosion of Iron: Test Tube Geology 160

Chapter 9 Laboratory Activities of Ceramics 163

Experiment 1 Clay Labs: Ready-Beam-Fire 163

Experiment 2 Flocculation in Ceramics 167

Experiment 3 Glass Labs: Wow You Can See Right Through Me! 168

Experiment 4 Electrical Resistance in a Glass Bulb 173

Experiment 5 Fiber Optics Labs: Light at the End of the Tunnel 173

Chapter 10 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Concrete 176

10.1 Laboratory Activities 176

Experiment 1 Physical Properties: What’s the Matter? 176

Experiment 2 Concrete Density and Aggregates: How Dense Is It? 178

Experiment 3 Cement Hydration and pH Evolution: Hot and Cold 180

Experiment 4 A Design Project: The Fleet Afloat! 183

Experiment 5 Stress and Strain 186

Experiment 6 Make and Take 192

10.2 Demonstrations 193

Demonstration 1 Making a Silt Test 193

Demonstration 2 Conducting an Organic Matter Test 193

Demonstration 3 Effect of Aggregate on Workability of Concrete 194

Demonstration 4 It’s Heating Up! 195

Demonstration 5 pH of Cement 196

Chapter 11 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Ploymers 199

11.1 Laboratory Activities 199

Experiment 1 Crunch and Munch Lab 199

Experiment 2 Slime Away 202

Experiment 3 A Silly Polymer 205

Experiment 4 Don’t Throw it in the Garbage 208

Experiment 5 Plastics the Second Time Around 211

11.2 Demonstrations 215

Demonstration 1 Let’s Make an Addition Polymer 215

Demonstration 2 Introduction to the New Chain Gang 217

Demonstration 3 The Formation of the Wonder Polymer 218

Chapter 12 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Composite Materials 220

12.1 Laboratory Activities 220

Experiment 1 Composite Column Design/Test Lab 220

Experiment 2 Composite Materials Structure 223

12.2 Demonstrations 229

Demonstration 1 Snow Ski 229

Demonstration 2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) in a Race Car 230

Chapter 13 Laboratory Activities of Semiconductors 232

Experiment 1 Electronic Familiarity 232

Experiment 2 Hot and Cold 234

Experiment 3 Let There Be Light 238

Experiment 4 What is Ohmic? 242

Experiment 5 Alternating to Direct 246

Experiment 6 Working with LED’s 249

Chapter 14 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Energy 253

14.1 Laboratory Activities 253

Experiment 1 Great Chemistry! 253

Experiment 2 Heating It Up! 257

Experiment 3 Half-Life: The Energizer Bunny Effect 260

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