2.1 General Consideration for Electroless Plating Bath Solution 51
2.2 Plating Bath of Electroless Pure Nickel and Nickel-Based Binary Alloys 53
2.2.1 Pure Ni and Co Metals 53
2.2.2 Ni–P 53
2.2.3 Ni–B 53
2.3 Cobalt-Based Binary Alloys 57
2.3.1 Co–P 57
2.3.2 Co–B 57
2.4 Cu and Copper-Based Binary Alloys 58
2.5 Au 58
2.6 Ag 58
2.7 Pd and Palladium-Based Binary Alloys 59
2.8 Pt and Platinum-Based Binary Alloys 59
2.9 Ru, Rh, Os, and Cr–P Binary Alloys 59
2.10 Group B Metals (Zn, Cd, In, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi) and a Few Binary Alloys of these Metals 62
2.11 Electroless Plating of Ternary Alloys 67
2.11.1 Ni–Me–P Alloy Plating Baths 67
2.11.2 Co–Me–P Alloy Plating Baths 74
2.11.3 Ni–Me–B Alloy Plating Baths 74
2.11.4 Co–Me–B Alloy Plating Baths 74
2.11.5 Other Ternary Alloy Plating Baths 89
2.12 Electroless Plating of Quaternary Alloys 90
2.12.1 Ni-Based Quaternary Alloy Plating Baths 90
2.12.2 Co-Based Quaternary Alloy Plating Baths 90
2.13 Electroless Plating Quinary and Multialloys 90
2.14 Summary 90
References 100


3. Electroless Composite Plating
3.1 General Considerations about ECP 109
3.2 Bath Solutions of ECP 110
3.2.1 Bath for Binary Alloy-Based ECP 110
3.2.2 Bath for Ternary Alloy-Based ECP 113
3.2.3 Bath for ECP With Two Kinds of Particles 116
3.3 Summary 116
References 138


4. Nano Electroless Plating
4.1 Bulk Nano EP Materials 144
4.1.1 Nano ECP 144
4.1.2 EP Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials (3D NSMs) 163
4.2 2D Nano EP Materials 172
4.2.1 EP 2D Nano Films 173
4.2.2 EP 2D Nanoplates 181
4.2.3 EP 2D Nanodisks 182
4.2.4 EP 2D Nanoshells and Nanosheets 183
4.2.5 EP 2D Nanowalls 184
4.2.6 EP 2D Nano Circles and Rings 185
4.2.7 EP 2D Nanohoneycomb 187
4.2.8 EP 2D Nanoline, Nanofi n Pattern, and 2D Nano Grating 188
4.3 Linear (1D) Nano EP Materials 191
4.3.1 EP Nanotubes 191
4.3.2 EP Nanowires 214
4.3.3 EP Nanorods 240
4.3.4 EP Nanobelts 246
4.4 Zero-Dimensional Nano EP Materials 250
4.4.1 EP Nanoparticles 251
4.4.2 EP Nanoparticle Arrays 262
4.4.3 EP Nanoparticles Other Than Spherical Shape 264
4.4.4 EP Core-Shell Nanoparticles 268
4.5 Summary 278
References 279


5. Electroless Plating Fe-Based Alloys
5.1 Why Electroless Plating Fe–B Alloys? 291
5.2 Discovery of EP Fe–B Alloys 292
5.2.1 The Plating Bath and Affective Parameters 294
5.2.2 Analysis of the Diffi culty in Obtaining EP Fe–B Alloys 295
5.2.3 Composition, Structure, and Properties of EP Fe–B Alloys 296
5.2.4 Formation Mechanism of EP Fe–B Alloys 303
5.2.5 Problems and Worthwhile Improvements for EP Fe–B Alloys 304
5.3 EP Binary Fe–B Alloys 305
5.4 EP Fe–B-Based Multicomponent Alloys 307
5.4.1 EP Fe–W–B Alloy Deposits 308
5.4.2 EP Fe–Mo–B Alloy Deposits 310
5.4.3 EP Fe–Sn–B Alloy Deposits 312
5.4.4 EP Fe–W–Mo–B Alloy Deposits 313
5.4.5 EP Fe–Ni–B Alloy Deposits 315
5.5 EP Fe–P Alloys 315
5.6 EP Fe–P-Based Ternary-Component Alloys 317
5.7 Summary 319
References 319


6. Impact Parameters and Deposition Rate
6.1 Effects of Plating Bath Components on Deposition Rate 324
6.1.1 Effect of Metal Salts 324
6.1.2 Effect of Reducing Agent 334
6.1.3 The Effect of Complexing Agent 337
6.1.4 Effect of Stabilizer 342
6.1.5 Effect of Accelerating Agent 349
6.1.6 The Effect of Surfactants 352
6.2 Effects of Operating Conditions 357
6.2.1 Effect of pH Value 357
6.2.2 Effect of Plating Temperature 361
6.2.3 Effect of Plating Time 362
6.3 Effects of other Technological Parameters 364
6.3.1 Effect of Stirring 364
6.3.2 Effect of Magnetic Field 372
6.3.3 Effect of Bath Loading 373
6.4 Summary 376
References 376


7. Green Electroless Plating
7.1 What is Green Electroless Plating? 383
7.2 Green Electroless Plating of EN 384
7.3 Green Electroless Plating on Cu 390
7.3.1 Hypophosphite 390
7.3.2 Glyoxylic Acid 393
7.3.3 DMAB 395
7.3.4 Sodium Bisulfate 397
7.3.5 Co2 and Fe2 397
7.3.6 Saccharide 400
7.3.7 Green Ligand for EP Cu 400
7.4 Green Electroless Plating Ag 401
7.5 Green Electroless Plating Au 403
7.6 Summary 406
References 406


Part III
Composition, Microscopic Structure,and Surface Morphology of Electroless Deposits
8. Composition and Microstructure
8.1 Composition and Microstructures of EP Alloy Deposits 415
8.1.1 Ni–P Alloy Deposits 415

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工业技术 金属学与金属工艺

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