2.11d actinidia fulvicoma var. pachyphylla 85
2.12 actinidia glaucocallosa 86
2.13 actinidia grandiflora 88
2.14 actinidia hemsleyana 90
2.15 actinidia henryi 91
2.16 actinidia holotricha 93
2.17 actinidia hubeiensis 95
96
2.18a actinidia indochinensis var. indochinensis 97
2.18b actinidia indochinensis var. ovatifolia 98
2.18 actinidia indochinensis
2.19 actinidia kolomikta 99
2.20 actinidia laevissima 102
2.21 actinidia lanceolata 103
2.22 actinidia latifolia 105
2.22a actinidia latifolia var. latifolia 105
2.22b actinidia latifolia var. mollis 107
2.23 actinidia liangguangensis 108
2.24 actinidia lijiangensis 110
2.25 actinidia linguiensis 112
2.26 actinidia longicarpa 112
2.27 actinidia macrosperma 114
2.27a actinidia macrosperma var. macrosperma 114
2.27b actinidia macrosperma var. mumoides 116
2.28 actinidia melanandra 117
2.28a actinidia melanandra var. melanandra 117
2.28b actinidia melanandra var. glabrescens 120
2.29 actinidia melliana 121
2.30 actinidia obovata 122
2.31 actinidia persicina 124
2.32 actinidia pilosula 125
2.33 actinidia polygama 127
2.34 actinidia rongshuiensis 129
2.35 actinidia rubricaulis 129
129
2.35b actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea 131
2.35a actinidia rubricaulis var. rubricaulis
2.36 actinidia rubus 133
134
2.37 actinidia rudis
134
2.37b actinidia rudis var. glabricaulis 136
2.37a actinidia rudis var. rudis
2.38 actinidia rufa 137
2.39 actinidia rufotricha 139
2.39a actinidia rufotricha var. rufotricha 140
2.39b actinidia rufotricha var. glomerata 141
2.40 actinidia sabiifolia 143
2.41 actinidia sorbifolia 145
2.42 actinidia stellatopilosa 146
2.43 actinidia styracifolia 147
149
2.44 actinidia suberifolia
2.45 actinidia tetramera 150
2.46 actinidia trichogyna 152
2.47 actinidia ulmifolia 153
2.48 actinidia umbelloides 154
2.48a actinidia umbelloides var. umbelloides 154
2.48b actinidia umbelloides var. flabellifolia 156
2.49 actinidia valvata 156
2.50 actinidia venosa 158
2.51 actinidia vitifolia 160
2.52 actinidia zhejiangensis 162
2.53 actinida hypoleuca 164
2.54 actinidia strigosa 166
3 natural distribution of genus actinidia 167
3.1 regional distribution, natural habitats, and wild production 167
3.1.1 china 167
3.1.2 east asia and southeast asia 181
3.2 vertical distribution 183
3.3 geographic distribution of commercially important species 183
3.4 geographically overlapping distributions, natural hybridization and gene introgression of species 187
4 domestication and commercialization of actinidia 189
4.1 use of actinidia natural resources in ancient china 189
4.2 early western introductions of actinidia species 191
4.3 domestication and commercialization of a. chinensis var. chinensis and a. chinensis var. deliciosa 192
4.3.1 first botanical specimens 192
4.3.2 cultivation of a. chinensis var. deliciosa outside china 193
4.3.3 commercialization of a. chinensis var. deliciosa 195
4.3.4 early attempts to cultivate a. chinensis var. chinensis outside china 197
4.4 domestication and commercialization of a. chinensis var. chinensis in china 198
4.4.1 initial experimental cultivation 198
4.4.2 evaluation of wild actinidia germplasm in china 199
4.4.3 start of commercial cultivation of a. chinensis var. chinensis in china 200
4.4.4 commercialization of a. chinensis var. chinensis outside china 200
4.5 domestication and commercialization of a. kolomikta,
a. arguta, a. polygama and a. eriantha 202
4.6 the world kiwifruit industry 203
4.6.1 world plantings of kiwifruit 203
4.6.2 world production of kiwifruit 204
4.6.3 important kiwifruit cultivars in international trade 204
4.6.4 segmentation of the kiwifruit market 206
5 genetic improvements and cultivar development
of actinidia 209
5.1 variation in important fruit characteristics of actinidia 209
5.1.1 fruit size 209
5.1.2 fruit shape 211
5.1.3 fruit hairs and skin 211
5.1.4 fruit color 215
5.1.5 ripening indicators 217
5.1.6 fruit texture 217
5.1.7 fruit flavor 218
5.1.8 health benefits of kiwifruit 219
5.1.9 nutrient composition 219
5.1.10 other fruit characteristics 222
5.2 progress in the selection and breeding of actinidia 222
5.2.1 direct introduction and selection from the wild 222
5.2.2 selection from seed collected in the wild 223
5.2.3 selection from open pollination of cultivars or named selections 223
5.2.4 clonal selections 223
5.2.5 budsport selections 223
5.2.6 cultivars developed from systematic breeding programs 223

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