8 Praseodymium/Vanadium/Barium-Based ZnO Varistor Systems 281
8.1 PraseodymiumSystem 281
8.1.1 DopingE?ects 281
8.1.2 E?ectofSinteringProcesses 285
8.1.3 High-VoltageApplications 288
8.1.4 Low-VoltageApplications 288
8.2 VanadiumSystem 289
8.2.1 DopingE?ects 290
8.2.2 ElectricalCharacteristics 291
8.2.3 MicrostructuralCharacteristics 292
8.2.4 E?ectsofVanadiumOxideonGrainGrowth 294
8.3 BariumSystem 295
8.3.1 PreparationandElectricalCharacteristics 295
8.3.2 MicrostructuralCharacteristics 296
8.3.3 ImprovingStabilityAgainstMoisture 298
8.4 ZnO–GlassVaristor 298 References 300
9 Fabrications of Low-Voltage ZnO Varistors 307
9.1 Introduction 307
9.2 ExaggeratingGrainGrowthbySeedGrains 308
9.3 SynthesisofNanocrystallineZnOVaristorPowders 309
9.3.1 Gas-PhaseProcessingMethods 309
9.3.2 CombustionSynthesis 311
9.3.3 Sol–GelMethods 311
9.3.4 Solution-CoatingMethod 315
9.4 Nano?llersinZnOVaristorCeramics 320
9.5 SinteringTechniquestoControlGrainGrowth 321
9.5.1 Step-sinteringApproach 321
9.5.2 MicrowaveSinteringMethod 322
9.5.3 SparkPlasmaSinteringTechnique 324 References 327
10 Titanium-Based Dual-function Varistor Ceramics 335
10.1 SrTiO3 Varistors 335
10.1.1 Introduction 335
10.1.2 MicrostructureofSrTiO3Varistors 336
10.1.3 PreparationofSrTiO3Varistors 336
10.1.4 PerformanceofSrTiO3 338
10.1.5 ConductionMechanismofSrTiO3 339
10.2 TiO2-BasedVaristors 341
10.2.1 Introduction 341
10.2.2 PreparationofTiO2-BasedVaristors 342
10.2.3 MechanismofTiO2Capacitor–VaristorCeramics 342
10.2.4 DopingofTiO2-BasedVaristors 343
10.2.4.1 Acceptor-DopedTiO2-BasedVaristors 343
10.2.4.2 Donor-DopedTiO2-BasedVaristors 344
10.2.4.3 CodopingE?ectsofAcceptorandDonorDopants 345
10.2.4.4 SinteringAdditivesinTiO2-BasedVaristors 347
10.2.5 DevelopmentofTiO2-BasedVaristors 348
10.3 CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics 348
10.3.1 Introduction 348
10.3.2 StructureofCCTO 349
10.3.2.1 CrystalStructure 349
10.3.2.2 PhaseandMicrostructure 350
10.3.3 PerformancesofCCTOCeramics 352
10.3.3.1 NonohmicCurrent–VoltageCharacteristic 352
10.3.3.2 ColossalPermittivity 354
10.3.3.3 DielectricLoss 357
10.3.4 Mechanism 358
10.3.4.1 IBLCModel 358
10.3.4.2 ConductingMechanism 362
10.3.4.3 PolarizationMechanismofGrains 364
10.3.4.4 APolaronicStackingFaultDefectModel 365
10.3.5 RoleofDopants 366
10.3.5.1 RoleofDopingCuO 366
10.3.5.2 DopingMechanismstoTuneCCTOPerformances 368
10.4 BaTiO3VaristorsofPTCRE?ect 375
10.4.1 Introduction 375
10.4.2 DopingE?ects 377
10.4.3 PreparationofBaTiO3Ceramics 379
10.4.4 PTCRE?ectofBaTiO3Ceramics 381
10.4.5 VaristorCharacteristicsofBaTiO3Ceramics 384 References 386
11 Tin Oxide Varistor Ceramics of High Thermal Conductivity 407
11.1 PreparationofSnO2-BasedVaristors 407
11.2 ElectricalPerformancesofSnO2-BasedVaristors 410
11.3 MechanismofSnO2-BasedVaristors 414
11.3.1 FormationofGrainBoundaryPotentialBarrier 414
11.3.2 AtomicDefectModel 415
11.3.3 AdmittanceSpectroscopyAnalysis 417
11.3.4 Capacitance–VoltageAnalysis 420
11.3.5 E?ectofThermalTreatment 421
11.4 RoleofDopantsinTuningSnO2-BasedVaristors 423
11.4.1 DopantsforDensifyingSnO2-BasedVaristors 423
11.4.2 AcceptorDoping 424
Contents
11.4.3 DonorDoping 427
11.5 ThermalPerformances 429
11.6 DegradationBehaviors 431
11.7 DevelopmentofSnO2-BasedVaristors 432 References 434
12 WO3-Based Varistor Ceramics of Low Breakdown Voltage 441
12.1 Introduction 441
12.2 TungstenOxide 442
12.3 PreparationofWO3-BasedVaristors 444
12.4 ElectricalPerformances 446
12.5 ImprovingtheElectricalStability 448
12.6 MechanismModelofWO3-BasedVaristors 449
12.7 DopingE?ects 452
12.7.1 TheAdditionofRareEarthOxides 452
12.7.2 TheAdditionofCuO 453
12.7.3 TheAdditionofAl2O3 454
12.7.4 TheAdditionofTiO2 455
12.7.5 TheAdditionofOtherAdditives 455 References 456
Index 461

金属氧化物压敏电阻:从微观结构到宏观特性 METAL OXIDE VARISTORS－FROM MICROSTRUCTU 作者简介

何金良教授1994年在清华大学获得博士学位。于1994年4月开始在清华大学电机系任教，2001年提升为教授。1997年至1998年期间，为韩国电气研究所电材料部访问科学家。目前，他是清华大学高压研究所所长，主要从事电介质材料和电工陶瓷、避雷器技术、电力系统及电子系统的电磁暂态和电磁兼容、先进电能传输技术等方面的研究。

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